SQL (Structured Query Language)

Course Duration: 16-24 Weeks

Target Audience: Students, Database Administrators, Developers, Data Analysts

Prerequisites: Basic understanding of data and databases

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Module 1: Introduction to Databases and SQL

• What is a Database?
• Types of Databases (Relational vs Non-Relational)
• Introduction to SQL and Its Importance
• SQL vs NoSQL Databases
• Understanding Database Management Systems (DBMS)
• Introduction to RDBMS (MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, Oracle)
• Setting Up a SQL Environment (Installing MySQL, PostgreSQL, or SQL Server)
• Connecting to a Database using SQL Clients

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Module 2: SQL Fundamentals – Data Retrieval and Filtering

• Understanding SQL Syntax and Statements
• Using SELECT to Retrieve Data
• Using WHERE Clause for Filtering
• Operators in SQL (=, !=, >, <, >=, <=, LIKE, BETWEEN, IN, AND, OR, NOT)
• Sorting Results using ORDER BY
• Using DISTINCT to Remove Duplicates

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Module 3: SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)

• Inserting Data using INSERT INTO
• Updating Data using UPDATE
• Deleting Data using DELETE
• Using Transactions in SQL (COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT)
• Importance of ACID Properties in Transactions

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Module 4: SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)

• Creating Databases and Tables (CREATE DATABASE, CREATE TABLE)
• Data Types in SQL (Integer, String, Date, Boolean, etc.)
• Modifying Tables (ALTER TABLE, ADD, MODIFY, DROP COLUMN)
• Deleting Tables and Databases (DROP TABLE, DROP DATABASE)
• Truncating Tables (TRUNCATE TABLE)
• Understanding Schema and Database Normalization

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Module 5: SQL Constraints and Data Integrity

• Understanding Constraints and Their Importance
• Primary Key (PRIMARY KEY)
• Foreign Key (FOREIGN KEY) and Referential Integrity
• Unique Constraint (UNIQUE)
• Not Null Constraint (NOT NULL)
• Default Values (DEFAULT)
• Check Constraint (CHECK)

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Module 6: SQL Joins – Combining Data from Multiple Tables

• Understanding the Need for Joins
• Types of Joins in SQL:
  • Inner Join (INNER JOIN)
  • Left Join (LEFT JOIN)
  • Right Join (RIGHT JOIN)
  • Full Outer Join (FULL OUTER JOIN)
  • Cross Join (CROSS JOIN)
  • Self Join (SELF JOIN)
• Using Joins with Multiple Tables
• Performance Considerations with Joins

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Module 7: SQL Aggregations and Grouping Data

• Introduction to Aggregate Functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN)
• Grouping Data using GROUP BY
• Filtering Grouped Data using HAVING
• Difference Between WHERE and HAVING
• Combining Aggregate Functions with Joins

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Module 8: SQL Subqueries and Nested Queries

• Introduction to Subqueries
• Using Subqueries in SELECT, FROM, WHERE Clauses
• Correlated vs Non-Correlated Subqueries
• Common Table Expressions (CTEs)
• Using CTEs for Complex Queries

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Module 9: SQL Views, Indexes, and Performance Optimization

• Creating and Managing Views (CREATE VIEW, DROP VIEW)
• Understanding Indexes and Their Importance
• Creating Indexes for Faster Query Performance
• Types of Indexes (Clustered vs Non-Clustered)
• Analyzing Query Performance using EXPLAIN and EXPLAIN ANALYZE
• Query Optimization Best Practices

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Module 10: SQL Stored Procedures and Functions

• Introduction to Stored Procedures
• Creating and Executing Stored Procedures (CREATE PROCEDURE)
• Using Parameters in Stored Procedures
• Introduction to Functions in SQL
• Creating User-Defined Functions (CREATE FUNCTION)
• Difference Between Stored Procedures and Functions

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Module 11: SQL Triggers and Events

• Understanding Triggers in SQL
• Creating and Managing Triggers (CREATE TRIGGER, BEFORE, AFTER)
• Using Triggers for Data Integrity and Automation
• Introduction to SQL Event Schedulers
• Scheduling and Automating Tasks with Events

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Module 12: SQL Transactions and Concurrency Control

• Understanding SQL Transactions (BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, ROLLBACK)
• Isolation Levels in SQL (READ COMMITTED, READ UNCOMMITTED, REPEATABLE READ, SERIALIZABLE)
• Deadlocks and How to Prevent Them
• Locking Mechanisms (Row-Level, Table-Level, Shared, Exclusive)
• Handling Concurrent Transactions

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Module 13: SQL Data Export, Import, and Backup

• Exporting Data from SQL (SELECT INTO, OUTFILE)
• Importing Data (LOAD DATA INFILE, INSERT INTO SELECT)
• Backing Up and Restoring Databases
• Using Database Dump Files (mysqldump, pg_dump)

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Module 14: NoSQL vs SQL – Understanding Differences

• Introduction to NoSQL Databases
• Differences Between SQL and NoSQL
• Popular NoSQL Databases (MongoDB, Redis, Cassandra)
• When to Use SQL vs NoSQL

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Module 15: SQL in Real-World Applications

• Using SQL in Web Development
• Connecting SQL Databases with Python, Java, Node.js
• Using SQL with Business Intelligence (BI) Tools
• Introduction to Data Warehousing and SQL

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Module 16: SQL Project and Best Practices

• Designing a Database Schema for a Real-World Project
• Implementing CRUD Operations in SQL
• Optimizing Queries for Performance
• Working in a Team with Database Version Control
• Final Hands-On Project: Building a Complete SQL Database

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